Answer from cs61c-cb (Minh Uyen Nguyen 16765774) for Question 1
We know that the loader places the machine code into the proper memory locations for execution by the PROCESSOR.
Its input is machine code language (series of binary code)
Its output is in the language that the C program should output.
If it were a separate step in Fgure 3.21, it would be place after the last step which is the "loader into memory" (in the end of the translation hierarchy)